Nutrition

Dirty Dozen 2026 and Clean 15: Full Lists and What to Buy

EWG's 2026 Dirty Dozen and Clean 15 in order, what changed from 2025, what eating organic does to the pesticides in your body, and how to wash the produce you buy.

By Dr. Josh Axe, DC, DNM, CNS·16-min read

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Evidence-based33 sources citedUpdated October 22, 2026

Published Oct 22, 2026Last updated Oct 22, 2026Editorial policyMedical review policyFact-checking policy

Strawberries, apples, pears and grapes from the Dirty Dozen beside pineapple, onions, bananas and cauliflower from the Clean 15.

Dirty Dozen 2026 and Clean 15 at a glance

The 2026 Dirty Dozen, from the guide the Environmental Working Group (EWG) released March 24, 2026, is spinach; kale, collard and mustard greens; strawberries; grapes; nectarines; peaches; cherries; apples; blackberries; pears; potatoes; and blueberries, and the Clean 15 is led by pineapple, sweet corn and avocados.1

EWG ranked 47 fruits and vegetables from USDA tests of 54,344 samples, and 96% of Dirty Dozen samples carried pesticide residues1
Almost 60% of Clean 15 samples had no detectable residues1
When 16 children and adults switched to all-organic food, the glyphosate in their urine fell 70.93% within six days2
In a lab study, a 1% baking soda soak cleared the surface residues of two pesticides from apples in 12 to 15 minutes3
The order I recommend: organic meat first, then the Dirty Dozen, and a baking soda soak for the produce you buy non-organic4 5

Every year, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) collects fruits and vegetables from food distribution centers, close to where shoppers buy them, rinses them under running water the way you might at home, and tests them for pesticide residues.6 The Environmental Working Group (EWG) ranks that produce by its pesticide score, from highest to lowest. Its 2026 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce, released March 24, 2026, drew on 54,344 USDA samples of 47 fruits and vegetables.1

The 12 at the top are the 2026 Dirty Dozen, led by spinach. The 15 at the bottom are the Clean 15, led by pineapple. Across all 47, 75% of non-organic samples carried pesticide residues.1

Dr. Josh Axe · Free quiz

Cellular Health Quiz

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Use both lists to eat more produce with fewer pesticides. EWG says the same thing: everyone should eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, because the health benefits outweigh the risks of pesticide exposure.7 When people ask me how to make sure their food is safe, my first answer is to buy organic foods, because they tend to have much less chemical residue than non-organic food.8 The lists show you where that choice counts most.

Here's the principle: if something has a peel on it, it's not as important to buy organic. If you're buying a grapefruit, you're taking the entire peel off, so it's going to be far less toxic than lettuce or strawberries that have been sprayed, because with those you're eating the outer shell.Dr. Josh Axe, DC, DNM, CNSFrom How to Reverse 'Irreversible' Diseases (Cancer, Autoimmune & Chronic Illness), The Dr. Josh Axe Show (2025), at 17:26

The 2026 Dirty Dozen list

These are the 12 fruits and vegetables with the highest pesticide scores in EWG's 2026 guide, in EWG's order, with the number of USDA samples behind each ranking.1 9

Rank	Fruit or vegetable	USDA samples tested
1	Spinach	1,295
2	Kale, collard and mustard greens	2,380
3	Strawberries	1,343
4	Grapes	1,363
5	Nectarines	1,762
6	Peaches	904
7	Cherries	483
8	Apples	981
9	Blackberries	885
10	Pears	1,340
11	Potatoes	1,383
12	Blueberries	1,202

EWG marks two more items with a plus sign, green beans and bell and hot peppers, because they ranked just below the list and high on overall pesticide toxicity.1

Here's what the testing found on the Dirty Dozen:1

Residues on almost every sample: Pesticides showed up on 96% of Dirty Dozen samples, and 203 different pesticides were found across the 12 foods.
Several pesticides at once: Every item except potatoes averaged four or more pesticides per sample. Potatoes averaged two.
PFAS pesticides: Pesticides that count as PFAS, the so-called forever chemicals, turned up on 63% of Dirty Dozen samples. Fludioxonil, a PFAS fungicide, was the most frequently detected pesticide of all, found on 14% of all produce samples and nearly 90% of peach and plum samples.
Highest toxicity: Green beans, spinach, bell and hot peppers, and kale, collard and mustard greens ranked highest on the level and toxicity of the pesticides detected.
Blackberries: In USDA's first testing of blackberries, which began in 2023, 91% of samples had detectable pesticides, more than four per sample on average.
Potatoes: 90% carried chlorpropham, a chemical applied after harvest to keep potatoes from sprouting. The European Union ended its approval in 2019.

Spinach and kale lead the list. Spinach carries more pesticide residue by weight than any other type of produce, according to EWG, so these are the greens to buy organic, fresh or frozen, and keep eating often.10 The same goes for berries, which take three spots: strawberries, blackberries and blueberries.

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The 2026 Clean 15 list

The Clean 15, which EWG calls the Clean Fifteen, are the 15 fruits and vegetables with the lowest pesticide scores in 2026, again in EWG's order.1 9

Rank	Fruit or vegetable	USDA samples tested
1	Pineapple	634
2	Sweet corn (fresh and frozen)	749
3	Avocados	840
4	Papaya	747
5	Onions	847
6	Sweet peas (frozen)	293
7	Asparagus	1,328
8	Cabbage	1,313
9	Cauliflower	1,292
10	Watermelon	1,367
11	Mangoes	679
12	Bananas	1,281
13	Carrots	1,219
14	Mushrooms	1,341
15	Kiwi	1,337

Here's what the testing found on the Clean 15:1

No detectable residue on most samples: Almost 60% of Clean 15 samples had none.
Rarely more than one pesticide: Just 16% of samples had residues of two or more pesticides, and no sample from the top four items had more than three.
Lowest toxicity: Pineapple, papaya, avocado, sweet corn and onion ranked among the lowest of all 47, including on overall toxicity.

Many Clean 15 foods come with a part you don't eat: the husk on sweet corn and the peel or rind on pineapple, avocados, onions, watermelon, mangoes, bananas and kiwi. Because you take that part off before you eat, these foods are less important to buy organic.11

Sweet corn and papaya are the exceptions on the Clean 15. My rule for corn is to buy it organic only.12 EWG notes that some sweet corn sold in the U.S. is genetically modified (GMO) and that papaya is mostly GMO, as is pink pineapple, and it suggests organic sweet corn and papaya for anyone avoiding GMOs.7

What changed from the 2025 lists?

The same 12 foods made the Dirty Dozen in 2025 and 2026, and the same 15 made the Clean 15; the order is what moved.1 13 The 2025 edition came out June 11, 2025.13

Rank	2026 Dirty Dozen	2025 Dirty Dozen
1	Spinach	Spinach
2	Kale, collard and mustard greens	Strawberries
3	Strawberries	Kale, collard and mustard greens
4	Grapes	Grapes
5	Nectarines	Peaches
6	Peaches	Cherries
7	Cherries	Nectarines
8	Apples	Pears
9	Blackberries	Apples
10	Pears	Blackberries
11	Potatoes	Blueberries
12	Blueberries	Potatoes

On the Clean 15, cauliflower moved up to No. 9 and watermelon down to No. 10, and mangoes moved up to No. 11 and bananas down to No. 12. The other 11 held their places.1 13 Blackberries and potatoes joined the Dirty Dozen, and cauliflower and bananas joined the Clean 15, in the 2025 guide.13

All 47 fruits and vegetables, ranked

EWG ranks all 47 fruits and vegetables from the lowest pesticide score, No. 1 pineapple, to the highest, No. 47 spinach. The Clean 15 hold Nos. 1 to 15 and the Dirty Dozen Nos. 36 to 47. These are the 20 in between, from cleaner to less clean:10

Rank	Fruit or vegetable
16	Broccoli
17	Cantaloupe
18	Sweet potatoes
19	Eggplant
20	Snap peas
21	Grapefruit
22	Raspberries
23	Summer squash
24	Oranges
25	Tomatillos
26	Plums
27	Tomatoes
28	Winter squash
29	Cherry tomatoes
30	Celery
31	Cucumbers
32	Tangerines
33	Lettuce
34	Bell and hot peppers
35	Green beans

Broccoli, at No. 16, sits just outside the Clean 15. Lettuce is No. 33, and bell and hot peppers and green beans, at Nos. 34 and 35, are the two items EWG flags beside the Dirty Dozen.10

How EWG builds the lists

Both lists rest on the USDA's Pesticide Data Program, the federal testing described at the top of this page, and EWG's full list also credits testing data from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).9 10 Before testing, each sample is rinsed under running water for 15 to 20 seconds or peeled, and 3 to 5 pounds of each fruit or vegetable are blended together to make a sample.9 6 Even after that preparation, the tests found traces of 264 pesticides and their breakdown products.1

EWG then scores each fruit and vegetable on four measures:9

How often: The share of samples with at least one pesticide.
How many: The average number of pesticides on a sample.
How much: The average total amount of pesticide on a sample.
How toxic: The amounts found, weighed against the level of each pesticide that caused no harm in animal studies.

Each measure is scored from 1 to 100, and the four are added for a total out of 400.9 USDA doesn't test every crop every year, so each ranking uses that food's most recent rounds of testing. This year, 12 items have new 2024 data, including apples, avocados, blackberries, potatoes and sweet corn.9

USDA's own summary of its 2024 testing, which covered every food the program sampled that year, organic or not, found that more than 99% of samples had residues below the tolerances set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the legal limit for each pesticide on each food, and 42.3% had no detectable residue. The FDA enforces those limits.6 EWG's position is that legal limits aren't necessarily safe levels.7 Its ranking compares fruits and vegetables against each other, and that's what makes it useful in the store: it shows you where choosing organic changes the most.

Is organic food healthier?

Quick answer

Eating organic food lowers the pesticides in your body within days, and in a large French study that followed people over time, those who ate the most organic food had lower rates of cancer and type 2 diabetes.14 15 16

It starts with the food itself. In a 2012 review that included 223 studies of what's in food, detectable pesticide residues turned up on organic produce 30 percentage points less often than on non-organic produce.17 A 2014 analysis of 343 studies found pesticide residues four times as often on non-organic crops, along with more antioxidants in organic crops, including 50% more flavonols and 51% more anthocyanins.18

Here's what eating organic food does in people, in order of how much research backs each benefit:

Lower pesticide levels in your body within a week

Strong evidenceHuman studyDiet-switch study of 16 people · randomized trial of 13 adults

The clearest benefit shows up in urine tests. Two studies followed the same 16 children and adults from 4 U.S. families, with a researcher from an environmental advocacy group on both teams. Each person ate only non-organic food for 5 days, then only organic food.14 2 On the organic food, 13 pesticide compounds and breakdown products fell significantly, including the malathion breakdown product MDA by 95.0%, the insecticide clothianidin by 82.7% and the chlorpyrifos breakdown product TCPy by 60.7%.14 Urine glyphosate fell 70.93% within six days, and AMPA, its main breakdown product, fell 76.71%.2

The randomized study points the same way. Thirteen Australian adults each ate a diet at least 80% organic for 7 days and a non-organic diet for 7 days, in random order, so each person tried both. Their total organophosphate breakdown products were 89% lower on the organic week, and the dimethyl kind was 96% lower; the diethyl kind was half as high, though with only 13 people, that gap could have come down to chance.19

An all-organic diet cut pesticide levels in urine

Source: Hyland et al. · Environmental Research, 2019; Fagan et al. · Environmental Research, 2020 [14, 2]Average drop in each compound's urine level after the switch to organic food.

Less pesticide exposure for children

Moderate evidenceHuman studyDiet-switch studies of 23 and 40 children

When 23 elementary-school-age children swapped most of their usual food for organic food for 5 days, the median levels of the breakdown products specific to two insecticides, malathion and chlorpyrifos, dropped to undetectable right away and stayed there until their usual food came back.20

In a study of 40 Mexican-American children aged 3 to 6 in Oakland and Salinas, California, led by a science advisory board member of a nonprofit that studies organic food, 7 days of organic food clearly lowered three of the six pesticide markers common enough to compare: total organophosphate breakdown products by 40%, the dimethyl kind by 49% and the weed killer 2,4-D by 25%.21

Lower cancer risk, most clearly for lymphoma

Moderate evidenceHuman studyCohorts of 68,946 French adults and 623,080 UK women

In France's NutriNet-Santé study, 68,946 adults reported how often they ate 16 organic foods and were followed for 4.56 years on average. Those in the most organic quarter had 25% lower risk of cancer than those in the least organic quarter (hazard ratio 0.75, against 1.00), after adjusting for diet quality, smoking, income, education, family history of cancer and more. The largest differences were for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 86% lower (2 cases in the most organic quarter against 15 in the least), and all lymphomas, 76% lower.15

A UK study that followed 623,080 women for 9.3 years found 21% less non-Hodgkin lymphoma among those who usually or always ate organic food (relative risk 0.79), though no difference in cancer overall.22 Both studies followed people over time, so they show links rather than proof, and in both, the people who ate the most organic food had less lymphoma.

The most organic eaters had 25% lower cancer risk

Source: Baudry et al. · JAMA Internal Medicine, 2018 [15]Adjusted for diet quality, smoking, income, education, family history of cancer and more.

Lower risk of type 2 diabetes

Moderate evidenceHuman studyCohort of 33,256 French adults

In the same French study, 33,256 adults were followed for 4.05 years on average. Those whose diets were the most organic, the top fifth, had 35% lower risk of type 2 diabetes than the bottom fifth (hazard ratio 0.65), after adjusting for diet quality and lifestyle, and each 5% more organic food in the diet went with 3% lower risk.16

Better fertility-treatment results with less high-residue produce

Emerging evidenceHuman studyCohort of 325 women having IVF

At a Boston hospital's fertility center, 325 women reported what they ate before IVF, and researchers sorted their fruits and vegetables by typical residue levels using USDA data. Women who ate the most high-residue produce, 2.3 or more servings a day, were 26% less likely to have a live birth and 18% less likely to have a clinical pregnancy than women who ate less than 1 serving a day. Low-residue fruits and vegetables weren't linked to the results, so for women trying to conceive, the step is choosing organic or low-residue produce rather than eating less of it.23

Glyphosate and your gut

Glyphosate is the most widely used weed killer in the United States and around the world.2 In national survey data from 2013 and 2014, the CDC detected it in the urine of 81.2% of Americans aged 6 and older, with higher levels in people who had eaten within the previous 8 hours.24 In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A).25

On my show, I've explained that if you're eating non-organic food, including non-organic meat, you're getting glyphosate, and that it harms the beneficial bacteria in your gut.26 In The Biblio Diet, I wrote that glyphosate is often applied just before and right after the wheat harvest, and that it's linked to gut health issues.12

Here's how glyphosate gets from the field to your gut microbiome:

1It's sprayed on crops

Glyphosate kills plants by blocking EPSPS, an enzyme in the shikimate pathway that plants use to make three amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan.27

2It reaches your body through food

Most Americans carry it, and levels run higher in people who have eaten within the past 8 hours, which points to food as a main source.24 2

3Many gut bacteria share the target

The shikimate pathway also runs in many bacteria and fungi. Using enzyme gene sequences, researchers estimated that 54% of the species in the core human gut microbiome are potentially sensitive to glyphosate, an estimate that hasn't been tested in people.27

4Organic food lowers the load

On all-organic food, the families in the study above cut the glyphosate in their urine by more than two-thirds within six days.2

The key to avoiding glyphosate is to eat organic. This is my biggest argument for switching and eating organic as much as you possibly can.Dr. Josh Axe, DC, DNM, CNSFrom The Shocking Reason Your Anxiety, Brain Fog & Bloating May Start in Your Gut, The Dr. Josh Axe Show (2026), at 32:21

For where glyphosate turns up most in the food supply, see our guide to glyphosate in food.

How to wash produce with baking soda

Soak your produce in baking soda water, then rinse it. Here's the method, based on the research below:

Mix: Stir about 1 teaspoon of baking soda into 2 cups of water.28
Soak: Leave the produce in for 12 to 15 minutes.3
Rinse: Rub it under running water, and scrub firm produce such as melons and cucumbers with a clean brush.29
Dry: Pat it dry with a clean cloth or paper towel.29

That method comes from a University of Massachusetts lab study. Researchers coated apples with two pesticides, the fungicide thiabendazole and the insecticide phosmet, left them for 24 hours and then compared washes. A 1% baking soda solution (10 milligrams per milliliter) removed all of the thiabendazole on the surface in 12 minutes and all of the phosmet in 15 minutes, working better than tap water or a 2-minute bleach wash, the standard commercial wash after harvest.3 A teaspoon of baking soda weighs about 4.6 grams, so a teaspoon in 2 cups (about 475 milliliters) of water makes roughly the same 1% solution.28

Some of the residue had already moved into the apples before they were washed: 20% of the thiabendazole and 4.4% of the phosmet, which the soak couldn't reach. Peeling removes that part, though the peel's nutrients go with it.3

A 2025 follow-up from the same lab tested household ingredients on organic apples, grapes, lemons and strawberries treated with thiabendazole. On apples, a 5-minute soak in 2% corn starch removed 70.27% of the residue and a 5-minute soak in 5% baking soda removed 74.15%, but the two mixed together removed only 47.01%. Used one after the other, corn starch first and then baking soda, they removed 94.13%. Checked with a second lab method across the four fruits, that two-step soak removed 98.89% of the thiabendazole from grapes, 95.9% from lemons, 88.7% from strawberries and 83.5% from apples, about as much as the best store-bought produce wash they tested.30

A corn starch soak, then a baking soda soak, removed most of a fungicide from fruit

Source: Du et al. · Foods, 2025 [30]Share of the fungicide removed from each fruit by the two-step soak.

Strawberries faded and softened in the 5% baking soda step,30 so for berries, stick with the gentler 1% soak from the apple study.3 Rinse after soaking, too. In a Korean study of strawberries sprayed with four insecticides while growing, soaking and then rinsing under running water removed 40.9% of the residue on average, compared with 24.7% for soaking alone. Of the solutions it tested, a 3% vinegar solution removed the most with that soak-then-rinse method, 48.7% on average, against 24.6% for tap water.31

For everyday food safety, the FDA advises rinsing produce before you peel it, rubbing it under plain running water with no soap or produce wash, and drying it with a clean cloth or paper towel.29 EWG doesn't recommend commercial produce washes either.7

At home, we soak our produce in baking soda water too:

What we do is add about a teaspoon or two of baking soda to some water and soak our produce for about 10 to 15 minutes. We do that even with our organic produce here at our house.Dr. Josh Axe, DC, DNM, CNSFrom X-Rays, Childhood Vaccines, & Supplements for Toddlers | Q&A, The Dr. Josh Axe Show (2024), at 2:18

When does organic matter most?

Quick answer

Buy organic meat first, then the Dirty Dozen, then the other produce you eat skin and all; produce with a thick peel you take off matters least.4 11

My guidance is to eat organic food as much as you possibly can, with meat as the most important thing to buy organic and the Dirty Dozen next.4 If you can buy only two things organic, make them meat and, if you eat it, dairy. Our family doesn't really do dairy; I use coconut milk instead.8

After that come the fruits and vegetables you eat whole, such as berries and leafy greens. Produce you peel comes last.11

Frozen produce counts too: my food lists mark organic fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables as best.12 EWG also points out that your produce doesn't have to come from the fresh section, since frozen options are often available, and frozen sweet corn and frozen sweet peas are both on the 2026 Clean 15.1 See how fresh and frozen vegetables compare.

Get to know where your food comes from, too. My wife, Chelsea, and I shop our local farmers market in Franklin, Tennessee, where we can meet the farmers and ask them our questions ourselves.8 Buying from local growers also makes eating seasonally easy.

And when you can, grow a little of your own. Chelsea and I enjoy having fresh basil and other herbs growing in our own garden.8 Tending a garden goes back to the beginning: "And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it" (Genesis 2:15, KJV).32

Planning your organic shopping?

Ask Dr. Axe AI. Its answers draw on this library and show their sources.

The bottom line

Keep eating your produce, and buy organic where it counts

The 2026 Dirty Dozen and Clean 15 turn tens of thousands of USDA tests into two short lists for the store. Spinach, kale, strawberries and the rest of the Dirty Dozen belong on your plate, so buy them organic, fresh or frozen, whenever you can. The Clean 15, led by pineapple, sweet corn and avocados, is where non-organic is the easier call.

Put organic meat first, then the Dirty Dozen. Soak the produce you buy non-organic in about a teaspoon of baking soda per 2 cups of water for 12 to 15 minutes, then rinse it under running water. Choosing organic food lowers the pesticides your body carries, and in the diet studies on this page, people's levels came down within days.

Fill your cart with fruits and vegetables, and let these two lists tell you where organic matters most.

Dirty Dozen 2026 and Clean 15: frequently asked questions

What is the Dirty Dozen for 2026?

The 2026 Dirty Dozen is spinach; kale, collard and mustard greens; strawberries; grapes; nectarines; peaches; cherries; apples; blackberries; pears; potatoes; and blueberries, in that order.1 EWG also flags green beans and bell and hot peppers, which ranked just below the list and high on pesticide toxicity.1

What is the Clean 15 for 2026?

The 2026 Clean 15 is pineapple, sweet corn (fresh and frozen), avocados, papaya, onions, frozen sweet peas, asparagus, cabbage, cauliflower, watermelon, mangoes, bananas, carrots, mushrooms and kiwi, in that order.1 EWG spells it the Clean Fifteen.

Is broccoli on the Dirty Dozen?

No: broccoli ranks No. 16 of 47 in EWG's 2026 guide, the first item after the Clean 15, while the Dirty Dozen runs from No. 36 to No. 47.10

How do you wash strawberries with baking soda?

Soak them in about 1 teaspoon of baking soda per 2 cups of water,28 3 then rinse them under running water.31 Keep the solution mild: in a lab study, a two-step soak that ended in a stronger 5% baking soda solution removed most of a fungicide from strawberries but faded and softened them.30 At home, we soak our produce for 10 to 15 minutes, even the organic.5

Is organic produce pesticide-free?

Not always: organic farmers rely mostly on natural pest controls and may use only the synthetic substances the USDA allows on its National List, and organic samples can pick up traces of synthetic pesticides from nearby farms, though at far lower levels.33 7 Switching to organic food still lowered pesticide levels in people's urine within days in the diet studies above.14 19

Are Dirty Dozen foods safe to eat?

Yes, keep eating them: EWG itself says the health benefits of fruits and vegetables outweigh the risks of pesticide exposure.7 Buy the Dirty Dozen organic when you can and soak the rest in baking soda water. USDA's 2024 testing results are in the section on how EWG builds the lists.

Do I need to buy Clean 15 produce organic?

Not for pesticide residues: almost 60% of Clean 15 samples had none detected.1 The exceptions are sweet corn and papaya: my rule for corn is organic only, and EWG suggests organic sweet corn and papaya for anyone avoiding GMOs, since some are genetically modified.12 7

When does EWG release the Dirty Dozen list?

EWG released its 2026 guide on March 24, 2026; the 2025 guide came out June 11, 2025.1 13

Does frozen produce count on the Dirty Dozen and Clean 15?

Yes: EWG's 2026 Clean 15 lists sweet corn, fresh and frozen, and frozen sweet peas.1 I recommend organic fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables.12

Freshness & method note

October 22, 2026 — Rewritten by Dr. Josh Axe's team. Checked both lists against EWG's 2026 Shopper's Guide (released March 24, 2026) and corrected the Dirty Dozen order in the FAQ, which had used the 2025 order (in 2026, potatoes are No. 11 and blueberries No. 12). Added the number of USDA samples behind each ranking, what changed from 2025, the full 47-item ranking, how USDA tests produce and how EWG scores it, USDA's 2024 results, the human studies on organic diets and pesticide levels, the produce-washing studies with their exact methods, Dr. Axe's guidance on where organic matters most, three charts, a diagram of how glyphosate reaches the gut and 33 references (the earlier page cited none). Removed an uncited list of health risks and the earlier page's uncited 1-to-3 vinegar soak.

References

Dr. Josh Axe, DC, DNM, CNS

Doctor of Natural Medicine · Founder, DrAxe.com

Dr. Axe is a certified doctor of natural medicine, clinical nutritionist, and multiple New York Times bestselling author. He has spent 20+ years in clinical practice helping people heal at the root cause and founded one of the most-visited natural-health platforms in the world.

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