Wormwood: Benefits, Parasite Uses, Dosage & Side Effects

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Pinch a silvery wormwood leaf and it gives off a sharp, green aroma; touch it to your tongue and the bitterness hits at once. Its bitterness comes from compounds such as absinthin, and that bitterness is what healers have used it for: waking up a tired appetite, moving bile, and driving out intestinal worms.1

The Roman naturalist Pliny wrote about its value against intestinal worms nearly 2,000 years ago, and the herb has held that job ever since.1 Wormwood tops my list of antiparasitic herbs, and I pair it with black walnut during the kill phase of a cleanse.54

Modern research adds what the old herbalists couldn't measure: controlled trials in Crohn's disease, a human study in amoebic dysentery, and a clear map of which forms carry thujone, the compound concentrated in wormwood's essential oil.

Did you know?

• The English name is a folk respelling, recorded by the late 1300s, of Old English wermod: people heard "worm" in it. The same old Germanic word gave us vermouth.6

• Where wormwood grows changes what's in it. Oil distilled from French plants carried no thujone at all, while oil from Croatian plants was rich in it.7

• In the U.S., a spirit can be labeled absinthe only if it's thujone-free, which federal regulators define as under 10 parts per million.8

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What is wormwood?

You'll find wormwood growing wild on dry, rocky, uncultivated ground across the temperate parts of Europe, Asia and northern Africa, and it's happy in a dry corner of a garden too.1 It belongs to the Asteraceae, the daisy family, which also includes ragweed and chamomile, worth knowing if you react to either one.9

Two groups of compounds do most of its work, and you can taste one of them. The bitter compounds, led by absinthin, make up only 0.15% to 0.4% of the dried plant, yet they're strong enough that Europe's official standard for the herb sets a minimum bitterness. The other group lives in the essential oil, 0.2% to 1.5% of the plant, and its blend shifts with where the plant grew and when it was harvested. That includes thujone, the compound you'll meet again in the safety section.1 Flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins round out the mix.9

A short history of wormwood

Wormwood's medical record runs back to ancient Egypt, where it, or a close relative, appears in the Ebers Papyrus as a tonic and a remedy for fevers and menstrual pain. Hippocrates recommended it for jaundice, Dioscorides described it in full, and in the Middle Ages it was used to clear tapeworms while leaving the patient unharmed. Paracelsus called it a stomach herb and a worm remedy, and Dioscorides, Galen and Hildegard of Bingen all used it for digestive complaints.1 Medieval Europe held it in such regard that it was called "the most important master against all exhaustions."9

Its most famous use came much later, in the spirit that took its Latin name, absinthe; you'll find that story further down.

Wormwood in traditional medicine {#tcm}

Wormwood is a pillar of the European tradition of bitters. Herbalists use it as an aromatic bitter to stir the appetite when the stomach is sluggish or digestion is weak, and they describe it as a choleretic, an herb that increases the flow of bile.1 In Unani medicine it's known as afsanteen.11

As I've explained on my show, Chinese medicine and Ayurveda have long used herbs to change the body's environment. Bitter herbs like wormwood, black walnut and gentian are drying, and they help move the gut out of a damp, microbe-rich state where parasites and Candida thrive.12 Dampness and dryness are traditional concepts, the way healers described what they observed over generations, rather than something studies have measured. To me, that's what herbs are for: changing the environment so your body can function better.12

What is wormwood good for?

How does wormwood work in your body?

Wormwood's best-mapped action starts with its bitterness, the classic way bitters stir appetite and digestion.1 I've described it on my show as an herb that stimulates bile production, which aids digestion.20 Here's how that unfolds, step by step:

Notice the fourth step: the bile study skipped the tongue entirely. Researchers have also found bitter-taste receptors in the gut lining of animals, so tasting wormwood may be only part of how it works, which may help explain why capsules can work too.1 In healthy volunteers, a thujone-free wormwood powder stirred bile and digestive enzymes as well as a preparation with thujone did, or better.1

Two other routes are still being mapped:

• It calms an inflammatory messenger (shown in people). In a Crohn's trial, wormwood lowered blood levels of TNF-alpha, a messenger of inflammation that plays a central role in the disease.13

• It acts on worms directly (shown in lab tests). Wormwood extracts paralyzed and killed adult worms in lab tests, and researchers propose its bitter compounds and essential oil act on parasites in the gut.1523

Wormwood benefits, ranked by evidence

Ranked by evidence, wormwood does the most for Crohn's disease and parasites, with encouraging results for knee pain, women's sexual function, a kidney disease and digestion.

Does wormwood kill parasites?

As I've said before, parasites are much more common than most people realize.5 Wormwood is number one of the eight herbs I rank in my Heal From Parasites Protocol, the backbone of the kill phase.4 I recommend 200 to 300 mg twice a day, in capsules or a tincture, which spare you most of its terrible taste, and I use it to target the adult parasites and their larvae.45 I combine three or more herbs to hit parasites at different stages of life: wormwood for the adults and larvae, black walnut alongside it, and clove for the eggs.45 Other options on the list include oregano oil, berberine and pumpkin seeds.5

The herbs come in the third of four phases. First you prepare and strengthen your body, then open your detox pathways, then kill the parasites over about 14 days, then bind what's left so your body can clear it, for a full cycle of 30 to 35 days.5

Before any of that, find out whether you have a parasite. I put it this way on my show: "If you don't have a parasite, you shouldn't necessarily do a parasite cleanse."5 If you're not sure, start with the protocol's anti-parasite foods and get tested before you take the herbs.20

The human evidence comes from Unani medicine. In a study of 20 people with acute amoebic dysentery, an infection with the gut parasite Entamoeba histolytica, powdered wormwood capsules taken for 15 days cleared the amoebas from the stool in 70%. Abdominal pain went away completely in 13 people and partly in 6, and loose stools resolved completely in 14 and partly in 4. Everyone knew what they were taking, and there was no comparison group.111

Controlled trials in people with intestinal worms are still to come, and the studies in sheep, mice, rats, cats and chickens are encouraging:

Results vary by setting: dried wormwood mixed into feed didn't lower egg counts in a study of 24 lambs, and a 600 mg per kg dose didn't lower them in a study of 15 goats in Peru, though both preparations stopped eggs or larvae in lab tests.3031 If a stool test confirms a parasite, that's when I bring in the herbs, and your doctor may also prescribe an antiparasitic medicine.20

For pregnancy, breastfeeding and children, see who should skip it below.

Can wormwood help Crohn's disease?

In the larger trial, 40 adults with Crohn's who were taking steroids received wormwood capsules, 500 mg three times a day, or a placebo for 10 weeks, while their steroid doses were tapered to zero; neither the people nor the researchers knew who got what. The capsules held powdered wormwood with rose petals, cardamom and mastic resin, and the placebo held the same three without the wormwood, so the difference between the groups came from the wormwood.1 By week 8, 13 of the 20 people on wormwood (65%) were nearly free of symptoms, against 0 of 20 on placebo, and that remission lasted through week 20 without steroids.3 Symptoms improved steadily in 18 of the 20 people on wormwood (90%) even as their steroids came down.3 On placebo, 16 people had flare-ups as the steroids were tapered, against 2 on wormwood.1

Mood lifted too. Depression scores fell 9.8 points on wormwood and 3.4 on placebo, and by week 10, 70% of the wormwood group were in remission from depressive symptoms, against none on placebo.1

The second trial added 750 mg of powdered wormwood three times a day to the usual medicines of 10 people with active Crohn's for 6 weeks, while 10 others took a placebo with their usual medicines; neither the people nor the researchers knew who got what.131 Blood levels of TNF-alpha fell from 24.5 to 8.0 pg/mL on wormwood, against 25.7 to 21.1 in the placebo group, and 8 of 10 reached remission, against 2 of 10.13

One systematic review of herbal remedies for inflammatory bowel disease found wormwood better than placebo for bringing on remission in Crohn's, another found the best evidence for any herbal therapy in Crohn's was for wormwood, and a third listed wormwood extract among the few herbs with evidence from controlled trials in Crohn's.333435 A 2023 review counts it among four plant remedies with clinical evidence in inflammatory bowel disease, along with curcumin, mastic and boswellia.36

If you have Crohn's, bring wormwood to the gastroenterologist who manages your care and keep your prescribed medicines in place. In the 40-person trial, the steroid taper was planned and supervised, so make any change to a steroid with the doctor who prescribed it. Food matters just as much; the Crohn's disease diet covers it.

Wormwood vs. sweet wormwood and mugwort

Sweet wormwood and mugwort are cousins of wormwood, as I've pointed out on my show, and each one has its own work to do.20 All three belong to the Artemisia genus.

Sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, is the cousin with the famous medicine: it's the plant behind artemisinin, the compound that became the basis of the first-line malaria drugs.3710 Common wormwood carries less artemisinin, or none, depending on the test. One lab measured 0.12 mg per gram of dried wormwood, against 0.27 mg in sweet wormwood, and another found none in either plant's extract.3810 Even so, wormwood held its own in that second study: mice infected with malaria parasites and given wormwood extract, 200 mg per kg for 4 days, had 94.28% fewer parasites in their blood, against 83.28% with sweet wormwood extract, and the researchers suggest wormwood's essential oils may explain it.10 Malaria in people needs prompt medical treatment, and a doctor may prescribe an artemisinin-based drug.

Mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris, is the other close cousin, and when rats infected with Trichinella were given either herb, both cut the larvae hiding in muscle.26

When you shop, the Latin name on the label tells them apart: Artemisia absinthium for wormwood, Artemisia annua for sweet wormwood and Artemisia vulgaris for mugwort.

How much wormwood should you take?

Keep courses short. Europe's herbal medicines committee sets 6 mg a day as the limit for thujone from herbal medicines, on top of the roughly 1 mg the average diet already supplies, and it doesn't recommend wormwood for anyone under 18.392 See the safety section below before you start.

Tea, tincture, capsules or oil: which form is best?

The form you choose decides how much thujone you get. Thujone travels with wormwood's essential oil, and alcohol and heat pull more of that oil out of the leaves.1

A lab test of one batch of wormwood shows how much the method matters. Distilling the herb with water, the way the essential oil is made, captured 100% of its thujone. A 90% alcohol extract made at room temperature captured 75%, and a 30% alcohol extract heated to 80°C (176°F) for half an hour captured 70.8%. Cold water and a 30% alcohol extract made at room temperature pulled out no detectable thujone at all, with each method run 6 times.1

A boiling-water tea falls in between: Europe's herbal medicines committee estimates that about 35% of the essential oil passes into it, based on how peppermint and fennel teas behave.1

To make the tea, pour 150 mL (about 5 ounces) of boiling water over 1 to 1.5 grams of the dried, cut herb, let it steep, strain it, and sip it 30 minutes before a meal for appetite or after a meal for indigestion.2 It's very bitter, and many people prefer capsules for that reason alone.

How to buy wormwood

When you shop for wormwood, look for:

• Artemisia absinthium on the label, the species in the studies on this page, rather than Artemisia annua, which is sweet wormwood

• Leaves and flowering tops, the parts Europe's standard defines as the herb1

• A stated thujone content, or "thujone-free," on tinctures and extracts, since alcohol pulls thujone out of the plant1

• The milligrams of each herb listed on a combination formula, so you can match it to the protocol's doses4

• A batch test report from the seller confirming the plant and checking for contaminants

Wormwood and absinthe: what's the real story?

Absinthe gave wormwood a wild reputation, and the real history is kinder to the herb. Absinthe is a high-proof, anise-flavored spirit made with wormwood.8 Its story begins in the Val-de-Travers in western Switzerland, where a French physician, Pierre Ordinaire, is said to have created the classic recipe. Commercial production began in 1797, and the drink soon earned the nickname la fée verte, the green fairy.41

French absinthe drinking rose fifteen-fold between 1875 and 1913, and the physician Valentin Magnan, writing between 1864 and 1874, described "absinthism," a syndrome of hallucinations and seizures he blamed on the drink.4142 Belgium banned absinthe in 1905, Switzerland in 1908, the United States in 1912 and France in 1915, and a 1988 European directive allowed wormwood back into drinks with limits on thujone.41

Modern chemistry has reopened the case. When researchers analyzed 13 bottles of authentic absinthe made before 1915, thujone averaged 25.4 mg per liter, much like modern absinthe, and nothing besides the alcohol itself explained "absinthism."43 Absinthes made from 19th-century recipes had even less, 1.3 mg per liter on average.42 A 1988 paper suggested thujone fed Vincent van Gogh's illness,44 and later lab work found that thujone binds only weakly to the brain's cannabinoid receptors, so researchers don't consider a cannabis-like action a likely explanation for absinthe's effects.1

Today the rules look like this:

What are wormwood's side effects, and who should skip it?

Thujone is the reason for the care. In the brain it blocks the GABA-A receptor, part of the nervous system's braking system, and high doses cause seizures in lab animals, though the body breaks it down quickly into less toxic compounds.4849 In 25 healthy volunteers, a drink with about 15 mg of thujone plus alcohol dulled attention and slowed reaction time at 30 minutes, while about 1.5 mg didn't.501 At the herb's normal amounts the picture is reassuring: rats given wormwood extract in their drinking water for 13 weeks showed no harm in blood tests, organs or tissues.51

The essential oil is a different matter. Wormwood oil is one of the essential oils I say should never be used internally.40 A 31-year-old man who drank about 10 mL (2 teaspoons) of wormwood oil bought online had seizures and kidney failure before recovering over 17 days, and neurologists list wormwood among the essential oils that can trigger seizures.47152 For safe handling of oils in general, see essential oil safety.

During pregnancy and breastfeeding, my answer is absolutely not: no wormwood, no black walnut and no clove; wait until after weaning.54 Thujone is thought to stimulate the uterus, and in pregnant rats a wormwood extract reduced implantation sites and litter sizes.1 With children, I skip the strong herbs like wormwood and black walnut and use the gentler, food-based version of a cleanse instead.5

In one documented case, an 82-year-old woman taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation was hospitalized with bleeding from her gut and a very high INR after taking wormwood, and the authors judged the herb a probable cause.53 If you take warfarin, ask the doctor who manages it for an INR check when you start and stop wormwood, and with any other blood thinner, tell your prescriber and watch for easy bruising or bleeding. No interaction with anti-seizure medicines or benzodiazepines has been reported.1

The bottom line

Wormwood: frequently asked questions

References

1. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Assessment report on Artemisia absinthium L., herba. EMA/HMPC/751484/2016. European Medicines Agency; 2017 (plant and constituents, p. 4-5; history, p. 8-9; bitter receptors, p. 13; human secretion studies, p. 24-25; clinical studies, p. 26-28; safety, p. 29-33).
2. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). European Union herbal monograph on Artemisia absinthium L., herba. EMA/HMPC/751490/2016 Corr. 1. European Medicines Agency; 2020.
3. Omer B, Krebs S, Omer H, Noor TO. Steroid-sparing effect of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) in Crohn's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(2-3):87-95. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.01.001 · PMID:17240130
4. Axe J. Heal From Parasites Protocol: The 30-Day System. DrAxe.com. 2025 (sections "The 4-phase protocol," "Top 8 antiparasitic herbs" and the FAQ).
5. Axe J. 60 Million Americans Have This Hidden Infection Right Now. The Dr. Josh Axe Show. May 18, 2026 (Dr. Axe speaking; YouTube upload "Parasite Infections Are Worse Than You Think | Dr. Josh Axe" at 30:30, 33:02-33:30, 45:11-46:37 and 49:09-49:14: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvOBcpB_Jkg).
6. Harper D. Wormwood. Online Etymology Dictionary. Accessed October 2, 2026.
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