What You Need to Know About the Most Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Women

Studies have shown that women’s nutrient intake is highly dependent on not only their diets, but factors like their economic status, social and cultural environment, personal habits, age, level of activity, and genetics. Experts believe that some of the most common (although certain other deficiencies are still possible and somewhat common) nutrient deficiencies in women include those in:

• iron
• vitamin B12
• vitamin D
• calcium
• magnesium
• omega-3s
• iodine
• folate

Some of the ways that vitamin deficiencies in women can be reduced include eating a nutrient-dense diet and/or taking high-quality supplements, ideally those made from real food sources, which helps improve bioavailability.

While diet is one of the biggest factors, nutrient status is also influenced by age, physical activity, genetics, socioeconomic status, access to nutritious foods, digestive health, medications and overall lifestyle habits. Even women who try to eat well may have increased nutrient needs during certain life stages, such as pregnancy, breastfeeding and menopause, making it important to regularly evaluate dietary intake and, when appropriate, nutrient status with a healthcare provider.

What are the best vitamins for women to take, and what vitamins and minerals are women often deficient in? Read on to find out.

What are the most common nutrient deficiencies in women?

The most common nutrient deficiencies in women include iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, folate, potassium, iodine, magnesium and omega-3 fatty acids. Iron is especially important for menstruating women and pregnant women, vitamin D and calcium are key for bone health, folate and iodine are especially important before and during pregnancy, and B12 and omega-3s can be harder to get enough of on vegan or vegetarian diets.

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It’s believed that around 30 percent of all women are deficient in one or more of the most important vitamins and minerals, and for many women the risk only increases with age.

Another important finding: Estimates suggest many women would fall short of key micronutrients without the help of fortified foods or supplements, which is why a food-first approach plus targeted supplementation may be helpful in certain cases.

Why women are more likely to develop nutrient deficiencies

Although anyone can develop nutrient deficiencies, women face several unique challenges that increase their nutritional needs. Blood loss during menstruation raises iron requirements, pregnancy and breastfeeding dramatically increase demands for several vitamins and minerals, and hormonal changes during aging can influence nutrient absorption and bone metabolism.

Certain dietary patterns, digestive disorders, medications and lifestyle habits may further increase the likelihood of falling short on important nutrients, even when calorie intake appears adequate.

Common causes of nutrient deficiencies in women

Common contributors include:

• Eating a diet high in ultra-processed foods
• Low intake of fruits and vegetables
• Vegetarian or vegan diets that are not carefully planned
• Heavy menstrual bleeding
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Digestive conditions that impair nutrient absorption
• Long-term use of certain medications
• Consuming too few calories
• Aging-related decreases in nutrient absorption
• Excessive alcohol intake

Common nutrient deficiencies in women

For women, the most common nutrient deficiencies tend to involve nutrients tied to energy production, red blood cell formation, bone health, thyroid function, pregnancy, menstruation and healthy aging. These include iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, folate, iodine, magnesium, potassium and omega-3 fatty acids.

Women may be more likely to fall short because of blood loss during menstruation, higher needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, restrictive diets, digestive issues, certain medications, aging-related absorption changes, and low intake of nutrient-dense foods.

Here are nine of the most common nutrient deficiencies in women:

1. Iron

Iron deficiency and anemia are the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies in the world, especially among women.

Not only does this deficiency affect a large number of children and women living in developing countries, but it is “the only nutrient deficiency which is also significantly prevalent in industrialized countries.”

It’s estimated that a staggering 30 percent or more of the world’s total population is anemic, often due to low iron levels.

Low iron/anemia can cause fatigue, hair loss, muscle weakness, brain fog, headaches, dizziness and other issues.

Older women, those with anemia, vegans and vegetarians should work with a doctor to make sure they get enough B vitamins and iron since they’re at the greatest risk for these deficiencies.

Adolescent girls are at the highest risk for iron deficiencies, and women in general need to be careful to get enough, since demand for iron increases during menstruation due to blood loss.

Some ways to increase iron intake include eating a variety of iron-rich foods and those that support enhancement of iron absorption (such as vitamin C foods), in addition to taking an iron supplement.

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Some of the best food sources of iron include grass-fed beef, liver, sardines, turkey, eggs, lentils, beans, spinach, pumpkin seeds and quinoa. Pairing plant-based iron foods with vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus, bell peppers or berries, can help support non-heme iron absorption.

2. Vitamin B12

Deficiency in vitamin B12 could contribute to symptoms like issues with balance, constipation, weakness, dry skin and cognitive changes.

B12 plays an essential role in your health by producing hemoglobin, part of your red blood cells that helps the cells in your body receive life-giving oxygen.

The best vitamin B12 foods are mostly animal-based, including beef, liver, eggs, salmon, sardines, tuna, dairy products and nutritional yeast if fortified. Women who avoid animal foods, have low stomach acid or take acid-reducing medications may need to pay extra attention to B12 intake.

3. Vitamin D

Vitamin d deficiency is one of the most common worldwide in both adult women and men (as well as babies and children).

Vitamin D can be produced in our bodies when exposed to adequate amounts of UVB radiation from sunlight. Its key role is to regulate calcium absorption.

Those with a vitamin D deficiency are unable to absorb that calcium and, in turn, have a hard time strengthening bones.

However, vitamin D has several other important roles for overall health, including supporting bone health, cardiovascular health, testosterone and immune function.

The National Institutes of Health says that “35% of adults in the United States are vitamin D deficient.”

Try to get 10 to 15 minutes of mid-day sun exposure of the face, hands and arms without protective sunscreen. This may be enough to maintain healthy vitamin D levels, depending on the time of year, latitude and skin pigmentation characteristics.

Remember, if your skin is starting to turn pink, you’ve gotten too much sun.

Food sources of vitamin D include salmon, sardines, egg yolks, liver and fortified foods, but many people still do not get enough from food alone. This is why vitamin D status is commonly checked with a blood test, especially for women with limited sun exposure, darker skin, older age or higher risk for bone loss.

4. Calcium

Girls between the ages of 9 and 18 years, as well as women older than 50 years, are believed to be most likely to have low calcium levels.

Overall, between dietary sources and supplements containing calcium, many people still fall short of getting enough calcium, due to reasons including trouble absorbing it and calcium loss from meditations and intense exercise.

It’s especially important for postmenopausal women to avoid calcium deficiency because this can contribute to bone loss and increased risk for bone fractures/osteoporosis.

Women with lactose intolerance as well as vegans may also lack calcium because they avoid eating dairy products, which are some of the most convenient dietary sources.

Other factors can affect the amount of calcium absorbed from the digestive tract, including older age (being over 70) and low vitamin D status (vitamin D is needed for proper calcium absorption).

Calcium-rich foods include yogurt, kefir, raw cheese, milk, sardines with bones, collard greens, kale, bok choy, almonds and fortified foods. For bone support, calcium works best as part of an overall nutrient pattern that also includes vitamin D, magnesium, vitamin K, protein and regular resistance exercise.

5. Folate

Requirements for many micronutrients increase when a woman is pregnant, especially nutrients like folate, iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium and iodine.

Folate (which is called folic acid when it’s created synthetically) is critical for a healthy pregnancy and developing fetuses because it helps build the baby’s brain and spinal cord. For pregnant women, supplementing with folate helps decrease the risk of certain birth defects, including spina bifida.

To limit the risk of side effects caused by folate deficiency, the American Thyroid Association also recommends all prenatal vitamins contain 150 micrograms of iodine, which should be taken during pregnancy and afterward while breastfeeding.

Folate-rich foods include spinach, asparagus, avocado, Brussels sprouts, lentils, beans, beets, broccoli and citrus fruits. Women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant are often advised to take a prenatal supplement that contains folate or folic acid because needs rise early in pregnancy.

6. Potassium

In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health has determined that based on dietary surveys, many adolescent girls and adult women don’t consume enough potassium on a regular basis. This is why the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans identifies potassium as a “nutrient of public health concern.”

According to data from large-scale studies conducted in the U.S., the average daily potassium intake from foods is 1,888 milligrams for females up to 19 years and 2,320 milligrams for women over 19. This falls short of the 2,300 to 2,600 milligrams that is recommended for teenage and adult women (or 2,900 for pregnant women).

Insufficient potassium intake can contribute to issues such as changes in blood pressure, higher kidney stone risk, interference with bone turnover, increased urinary calcium excretion and changes in salt sensitivity.

In addition to eating too few potassium-rich foods, low levels can be due to medication use, diarrhea, vomiting, poor kidney function, laxative use, inflammatory bowel disease and heavy sweating. Severe deficiency (hypokalemia) affects up to 21 percent of hospitalized patients, often due to use of diuretics and other medications.

More than 50 percent of individuals with clinically significant hypokalemia are also thought to have magnesium deficiency, since potassium and magnesium work together in many ways.

7. Iodine

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, women between the ages of 20 to 39 have the lowest urine iodine levels compared to all other age groups.

Iodine intake is especially important for young women looking to become pregnant or who are pregnant because it plays a role in brain development of the growing fetus. It’s also crucial for making proper amounts of thyroid hormones.

The thyroid gland requires iodine to produce the hormones T3 and T4, which help control your metabolism.

Most people eating a Western diet consume a good deal of iodized salt found in packaged foods and refined grain products, which has iodine added purposefully to help prevent deficiencies.

An even better way to get the iodine you need is from iodine-rich foods like sea veggies and seafood, the major natural dietary sources of this nutrient.

Avoiding an iodine deficiency helps protect you from conditions like hypothyroidism, goiters, fatigue, hormonal imbalances and trouble during pregnancy.

8. Magnesium

Magnesium is one of the most important minerals in the body but also one of the most common deficiencies. As an electrolyte, magnesium helps regulate calcium, potassium and sodium, and it is essential for over 300 different biochemical functions in the body.

On a global scale, there’s evidence suggesting that soil depletion has resulted in many crops being lower in magnesium than in past generations. Plus, health conditions like digestive disorders, leaky gut syndrome, chronic stress and ongoing medication use can all lower someone’s magnesium levels.

Leg cramps, insomnia, muscle spasms, anxiety, headaches and digestive issues like constipation can all be signs of magnesium deficiency.

For older women, the risk of deficiency might be even greater.

Studies have shown that many older people don’t eat magnesium-rich foods to begin with, and they’re prone to experiencing reduced magnesium intestinal absorption, reduced magnesium bone stores and excess urinary loss.

Make sure to get enough by consuming magnesium-rich foods, such as leafy green veggies, sea vegetables/algae, beans, nuts and seeds, as it’s sometimes challenging to pack a day’s worth of magnesium into a multivitamin.

9. Omega-3

If you don’t consume seafood like salmon, mackerel, sardines, halibut or tuna regularly, chances are you can afford to take an omega-3 fish oil supplement to prevent an omega-3 deficiency.

Most people eating a “Western diet” consume plenty omega-6 fatty acids, which are pro-inflammatory and found in many packaged foods and vegetable oils, but not enough omega-3 fatty acids, which are anti-inflammatory.

The two need to balance each other out in order for the heart, brain and immune systems to stay the healthiest they can. A ratio of about 2:1 omega-6s to omega-3s is best, helping prevent conditions like arthritis, heart disease, Alzheimer’s, depression and more.

Eating wild-caught fish several times per week or taking a supplement equal to about 1,000 milligrams daily is the best way to beat inflammation and get enough omega-3s.

Women most at risk for nutrient deficiencies

Some women have a higher risk of nutrient deficiencies than others. This includes:

• menstruating women/women of reproductive age
• pregnant or breastfeeding women
• women over 50
• women over 65
• women who follow vegan or vegetarian diets
• women who eat very low-calorie, restrictive or highly processed diets
• women with digestive disorders
• women taking certain medications long term
• women with heavy exercise demands
• Women with heavy menstrual bleeding
• Women who consume large amounts of alcohol

Women of reproductive age are especially vulnerable to low iron, while pregnant women have increased needs for iron, folate, iodine, vitamin D, calcium and omega-3s. The CDC notes that about one in eight U.S. women ages 12 to 49 has iron deficiency, and about one in four U.S. women has iron deficiency during pregnancy.

If you fall into one or more of these categories, it’s worth discussing your nutrient status with your healthcare provider during routine checkups.

How do you know if you have a vitamin deficiency?

Nutrient deficiencies don’t always cause obvious symptoms at first. In many cases they develop gradually, affecting multiple systems throughout the body before becoming noticeable.

Depending on which nutrient is lacking, deficiencies may influence:

• Energy levels
• Cognitive function and concentration
• Hair growth
• Skin appearance
• Immune function
• Bone and joint health
• Muscle strength
• Heart function
• Gum health
• Vision
• Mood and emotional well-being

There’s a wide range of symptoms that can be tied to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Some of the more common signs of a nutrient deficiency in women can include:

• Hair loss
• Mild cognitive impairment, such as changes in memory, concentration, thinking or behavior
• Weakness
• Headaches
• Low libido
• Pale and dry skin
• Red, swollen gums
• Heart arrhythmia or irregular heartbeats
• Slow wound healing, yellowing of the skin and bruising
• Impaired immune function
• Mood changes
• Bone and joint pains and in some cases bone fractures
• Dry eyes and vision changes
• In severe cases, vitamin deficiency diseases such as scurvy, rickets, beriberi and pellagra (caused by very low vitamin C, vitamin D and B vitamin levels)

Because symptoms of nutrient deficiencies can overlap with many other health issues, testing is often the best way to confirm what’s actually low. Depending on symptoms, diet and life stage, a healthcare provider may check labs such as ferritin and iron studies, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate, thyroid markers, magnesium status, or a complete blood count.

It’s especially important to ask about testing before taking high-dose supplements, since too much of certain nutrients can also cause problems.

Although symptoms can provide clues, nutrient deficiencies cannot always be identified based on symptoms alone. Blood testing remains the most reliable way to determine whether certain vitamins or minerals are low and whether supplementation is appropriate.

Your healthcare provider can recommend testing based on your symptoms, diet, medications, age and medical history.

When a healthy diet is enough vs. when it might not be

What causes a vitamin deficiency? Is it necessarily due to eating a poor diet?

A dietary pattern centered on minimally processed foods naturally provides a wider range of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phytonutrients than highly processed eating patterns. Building meals around vegetables, fruits, quality proteins, legumes, healthy fats, nuts, seeds and fermented foods can help reduce the risk of multiple nutrient deficiencies simultaneously.

Here’s what we know about women being at risk for vitamin deficiencies:

As a woman, you’re more likely to experience low levels of certain key nutrients if any of these apply to you:

• eating a highly processed diet (one low in things like fresh vegetables and fruit)
• being a vegetarian or vegan
• being underweight or consuming too little calories in general (“underweight” is generally considered below a body mass index of 18.5 for women)
• being of reproductive age (the World Health Organization estimates that in poorer countries 27 percent to 51 percent of women of reproductive age are deficient in key nutrients)
• being over the age of 65
• being of low socioeconomic status, a lack of education and poverty
• consuming high amounts of alcohol
• taking certain medications for an extended period of time (such as phenytoin, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, triamterene, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
• having a condition that interferes with normal nutrient absorption in the gut

Even if you feel you do eat a pretty nutrient-dense diet, some women are more susceptible to running low in important vitamins than others.

Here are some special circumstances that make a woman a good candidate for taking a high-quality, food-based multivitamin supplement daily to prevent common deficiencies:

• If you’re a vegetarian or vegan: Plant-based eaters who avoid meat are more likely to be low in B vitamins, such as vitamin B12, which is only found in animal foods. A lack of calcium, amino acids (protein), omega-3s, zinc, iodine and iron are also more common in women who don’t eat any animal products, which is why supplements are recommended. In 2009, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (formerly the American Dietetic Association) began recommending that vegans and vegetarians make sure to cover their nutritional needs of the vitamins and minerals listed above, most easily by taking a daily multivitamin and omega-3 supplement.
• If you’re pregnant: Likely more than any other time in a woman’s life, pregnancy creates a special metabolic demand for high-quality nutrients, both to support the growing baby and the mother. Requirements for many micronutrients increase during pregnancy, especially nutrients like folate, iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium and iodine.
• If you’re over the age of 55: B vitamins, vitamin D, calcium and iron are all especially important for aging women. Consuming plenty natural food sources of these nutrients, such as leafy greens, cage-free eggs, grass-fed meat and organic/unsweetened dairy products, can help prevent deficiencies that raise the risk for problems such as bone loss/osteoporosis, fractures, heart problems, diabetes and cognitive decline.

You have the best protection against nutrient deficiencies if you eat enough calories in general, avoid crash or fad dieting, don’t overexert yourself or start overtraining, and if you focus on eating a varied diet that’s low in “empty calories.”

This means avoiding things like added sugar, refined grain products, packaged snacks and most refined vegetable oils.

Try to get the most “bang for your buck” by making your calories count, eating plenty of fresh plant foods, clean protein foods and healthy fats.

Nutrient deficiencies in women during pregnancy

Researchers have pointed out that for women of “reproductive age” who are preparing to have children, proper nutritional status before, during and after pregnancy is an important element of overall reproductive health.

Pregnancy substantially increases the body’s demand for many nutrients because they support fetal growth, placental development and maternal health. Iron, folate and iodine requirements all rise significantly, while calcium, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids and choline also become especially important.

Because nutritional status before conception influences pregnancy outcomes, experts recommend optimizing nutrient intake even before becoming pregnant.

This is why it’s vital for pregnant women in particular to ensure they get enough of the nutrients that women often fall short in.

Preventing nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy and when lactating helps:

• Maintain the health of the mother-to-be
• Lowers the risk of having a difficult pregnancy
• Prevents birth defects in the fetus/infant
• Helps lower the risk for certain chronic diseases developing later on in the child’s life
• Breast milk production is also highly influenced by a woman’s calorie, vitamin and mineral intake, which is why supplements are considered crucial for both pregnant and lactating moms

How to help prevent nutrient deficiencies in women

The best way to help prevent nutrient deficiencies in women is to build meals around a wide variety of nutrient-dense foods.

Aim to include quality protein, colorful vegetables, fruits, healthy fats, legumes, nuts, seeds, fermented foods and mineral-rich foods throughout the week. This type of pattern naturally provides many of the vitamins and minerals women are most likely to fall short on.

It can also help to choose foods that cover several common deficiencies at once. For example:

• Salmon provides protein, vitamin D and omega-3s.
• Yogurt provides calcium, protein and probiotics.
• Eggs provide B vitamins, choline and vitamin D.
• Lentils provide folate, magnesium and potassium.
• Leafy greens provide magnesium, folate, calcium and potassium.

While nutrient needs vary throughout life, several habits can help reduce the likelihood of deficiencies. Focus on these:

• Eat a wide variety of colorful whole foods.
• Include high-quality protein with each meal.
• Consume foods naturally rich in iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium.
• Eat fatty fish regularly for omega-3s.
• Get safe sun exposure when appropriate.
• Have nutrient levels checked if you experience persistent symptoms or belong to a higher-risk group.
• Discuss supplements with your healthcare provider rather than self-prescribing high doses.

Frequently asked questions

What is the most common nutrient deficiency in women?

Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies in women, especially during the reproductive years, because menstruation increases iron losses. Pregnant women also have higher iron needs.

What vitamin deficiency causes fatigue in women?

Fatigue can be linked to low iron, vitamin B12, vitamin D, folate or magnesium, among other causes. Because fatigue can have many explanations, testing is the best way to identify whether a deficiency is involved.

What nutrients do women need more of?

Many women need to pay close attention to iron, vitamin D, calcium, folate, iodine, magnesium, potassium, vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids. Needs vary based on age, diet, pregnancy status, medications and health history.

How can women tell if they are deficient in nutrients?

Possible signs include fatigue, weakness, hair shedding, brain fog, dizziness, brittle nails, muscle cramps, low mood, poor immune function, and bone or joint discomfort. Blood work can help confirm whether nutrient levels are actually low.

What causes nutrient deficiencies in women?

Nutrient deficiencies in women can result from inadequate dietary intake, heavy menstrual periods, pregnancy, breastfeeding, aging, digestive disorders, restrictive diets, certain medications and increased nutrient requirements during different stages of life. Because symptoms often overlap with other conditions, blood testing is frequently needed to confirm a deficiency.

Final thoughts

• What vitamins are we most deficient in as women? It’s thought that the most common nutrient deficiencies in women include those in iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, potassium, folate, iodine, magnesium and omega-3 fats.
• Deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause many symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, cognitive impairment, weak bones, changes in heart rhythms and blood pressure, slow wound healing, and many others.
• The best way to prevent nutrient deficiencies in women is to eat a nutrient-dense diet that includes a variety of foods (derived from both plants and animals) and/or to supplement if necessary. Sunlight exposure, eating enough calories in general, limiting alcohol consumption and certain medications, and avoiding overtraining and fad-dieting can also limit a woman’s risk.