Thiamine Foods: The Best Sources of Vitamin B1, Ranked

Thiamine, or vitamin B1, is the nutrient your cells use to turn the carbohydrates in your food into energy. Your body can't make it, so it has to come from what you eat.6 Picture a gate between the sugar from your last meal and the mitochondria, the energy-makers inside your cells. Thiamine is the key that opens it.6

Thiamine was characterized in the 1930s, one of the first compounds ever recognized as a vitamin.6 Its best sources are humble, everyday foods: beans and lentils, seeds and nuts, wild fish and whole grains. The list below ranks the best thiamine foods by the amount in a realistic serving, using USDA's FoodData Central, along with how much you need, who runs low and what drains thiamine from your food.1

When I walk through the B vitamins on my show, thiamine comes first:7

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What does thiamine do in your body?

Thiamine is one of the eight B vitamins, and like the others it works as a helper for enzymes. Most of its work happens inside your mitochondria.6 Here's the path from the thiamine on your plate to the energy in your cells:

Your cells need magnesium to switch thiamine on in that second step, so getting enough of both matters. For the foods that supply it, see foods high in magnesium.

How much thiamine do you need a day?

These are the Recommended Dietary Allowances from the Institute of Medicine, with adequate intakes for babies.2

Hard physical work, fever, pregnancy, breastfeeding and the growth years of adolescence all raise your body's need for thiamine.6 No upper limit has been set, because no harm has been established from the amounts in food or from long-term supplements of up to 200 mg a day.26

Food covers the need easily. A cup of cooked lentils at lunch, an ounce of raw sunflower seeds as a snack, and a cup of brown rice with half a cup of asparagus at dinner come to about 1.26 mg, above the 1.2 mg Daily Value, adding up the USDA values.1

Which foods are highest in thiamine?

Every number here comes from USDA FoodData Central. Each serving uses the record's own portion where USDA gives one, nuts and sunflower seeds are figured per ounce (28.35 grams), and the einkorn figure and the lower flaxseed figure come from USDA's newer Foundation Foods records.19 The last column shows how much of the 1.2 mg Daily Value a serving covers, worked out from USDA's unrounded values.8

The best thiamine foods, ranked

The foods below are grouped by family and ranked by the thiamine in a realistic serving.1

1. Beans and lentils

Beans carry the most thiamine of any everyday food on this list. A cup of cooked navy beans has 0.43 mg, 36% of the Daily Value, a cup of black beans 0.42 and a cup of lentils 0.33.1 Edamame adds 0.31 mg a cup (choose organic, as with any soy), and half a cup of green peas 0.23.1

I recommend legumes as everyday foods, prepared the traditional way. In Heal Your Cells, Dr. Will Cole and I point out that legumes are central to every Blue Zone longevity culture, and that sprouting and fermenting lower their phytic acid so the iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium in them are easier to absorb.4 For more on preparation, see antinutrients.

In lab studies, lentils soaked and germinated for 12 to 24 hours carried 152% more thiamine than before, and cowpeas 10% more,10 while wheat and rye held their thiamine steady through 5 days of sprouting.11

2. Sunflower, hemp and sesame seeds

Seeds are the easiest thiamine to add to your day. An ounce of raw sunflower seeds carries 0.42 mg, 3 tablespoons of hulled hemp seeds 0.38 and 2 tablespoons of tahini, the sesame paste, 0.37.1 Buy raw (dried) sunflower kernels: in USDA's records, an ounce of roasted kernels carries 0.03 to 0.13 mg.19

A tablespoon of ground flaxseed adds 0.04 to 0.11 mg, depending on which USDA record you use.19 In my episode on foods that quiet inflammation, I named walnuts and flaxseed the best nuts and seeds for the job, so a spoonful of ground flax over your oats does double duty.12

3. Fish: trout and salmon

Three ounces of cooked trout carries 0.13 to 0.36 mg, depending on the USDA record: 0.13 for wild rainbow trout, measured in 4 samples, and 0.36 in USDA's older mixed-species record.1 Three ounces of cooked wild Atlantic salmon has 0.23 mg, and sockeye 0.13.1 On my show, I've called salmon a great source of B1, along with B2, B3, B6 and B12.7

Trout and salmon are both on the fish list in The Biblio Diet, where Jordan Rubin and I recommend wild freshwater or ocean-caught fish with fins and scales.5 My Mitochondrial Longevity Protocol puts wild salmon at the top of its longevity foods, 2 to 3 times a week.13 If you catch your own trout, check your state's fish advisory for that water first. For more choices, see the best fish to eat.

4. Whole grains: brown rice, einkorn and oats

A cup of cooked brown rice carries 0.36 mg, 30% of the Daily Value.1 Ancient einkorn has 0.22 mg in a 45-gram serving of the dry grain, along with protein, iron, fiber and several other B vitamins.95 Half a cup of dry, unfortified rolled oats has 0.19 mg.1

I recommend whole grains that are properly prepared, organic and ideally ancient. My grain list keeps wheat, rye and barley to their sprouted forms and calls for organic, slow-cooked oats.5 Ancient grains keep their bran and germ, and with them their fiber, minerals and plant compounds.4 Einkorn contains gluten, and oats are often processed alongside wheat, so if you avoid gluten, see whether oats are gluten-free.

5. Acorn squash and asparagus

A cup of baked acorn squash cubes carries 0.34 mg, the most of any vegetable on this list, and half a cup of cooked asparagus 0.15.1 Roast acorn squash halves in the oven, then fill them with lentils or brown rice to stack two thiamine foods in one dish.

6. Nuts: macadamias, pistachios and pecans

An ounce of raw macadamia nuts carries 0.34 mg, raw pistachios 0.25 and pecans 0.19.1 Keep nuts to about a handful a day at most, and soaked nuts are easier on the gut.5 For more, see the healthiest nuts.

7. Spirulina

A tablespoon of dried spirulina adds 0.17 mg, 14% of the Daily Value, to a smoothie.1

Pork and shellfish are left off this list on purpose. I don't recommend either, and I hold to the clean-meat and fins-and-scales standards.5 Every food above gives you thiamine without them; see why you should avoid pork and fish you should never eat.

Here's how to put the list to work this week:

• Eat beans or lentils most days. A cup of cooked navy beans carries 0.43 mg.1

• Pair beans with brown rice. A cup of black beans and a cup of brown rice together come to 0.78 mg, about two-thirds of the Daily Value.1

• Add raw seeds every day. An ounce of raw sunflower seeds carries 0.42 mg, and 3 tablespoons of hemp seeds 0.38.1

• Eat wild fish 2 to 3 times a week, cooked through. Three ounces of cooked trout carries up to 0.36 mg, and sockeye salmon 0.13.113

• Cook grains in water they fully absorb, and save bean-cooking liquid for soups. Thiamine dissolves in water.6

Is nutritional yeast high in thiamine?

USDA has no standard record for nutritional yeast, so these are the manufacturers' label figures.14 The ingredient line tells you which kind you have: thiamin hydrochloride or thiamine mononitrate means the vitamin was added, the same forms used to fortify flour and cereal.146 If you want the yeast's own nutrients, choose organic flakes without added vitamins, and count fortified flakes as a supplement-sized dose.

Why does brown rice have more thiamine than white?

Milling. Brown rice keeps its bran and germ, and a cup of it cooked carries 0.36 mg of thiamine. Polishing it into white rice removes most of that, leaving 0.03 mg in a cup of cooked unenriched white rice.16 Enriched white rice gets synthetic thiamine added back and reaches 0.26 mg a cup.1 Flour follows the same pattern: 30 grams of whole wheat flour has 0.15 mg, unenriched white flour 0.09 and enriched white flour 0.32.9

In high-income countries, thiamine-fortified foods supply about half of the thiamine people eat.3 In places where polished white rice is most of the diet, thiamine deficiency still appears.153 If you eat white rice, parboiled rice keeps more, because parboiling moves thiamine from the bran into the grain before milling.3

Milling strips the germ and the bran from grain, and "enriched" on a label means vitamins and minerals lost in processing have been added back.5 My advice stays with the whole grain, properly prepared, which brings its own thiamine along with the fiber and minerals milling removes.4

Who runs low on thiamine?

In adults, early signs include nerve symptoms such as tingling, numbness or burning in the feet and hands.156 Dry beriberi goes on to weaken the legs and arms, while wet beriberi strains the heart, with a fast heartbeat, an enlarged heart, swelling and, in the end, heart failure.6 By an old and unconfirmed story, the name comes from the Sinhalese for "I cannot, I cannot," the answer patients in Sri Lanka gave when they were too weak to move.15 Even in severe cases, prompt thiamine can bring improvement within hours or days.15

In the brain, deficiency causes Wernicke's encephalopathy: abnormal eye movements, an unsteady walk and confusion. Left untreated, it can progress to Korsakoff syndrome, with severe and lasting memory loss.6

These are the groups most likely to run short:

• Heavy drinking: Alcohol lowers how much thiamine you take in, absorb and use, and deficiency shows up in up to 80% of people with alcoholism, though only about 13% develop Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.16 In my episode on alcohol, I explain that it depletes vitamin B1, which your body needs for many functions.20 My Mitochondrial Longevity Protocol lists daily alcohol among the habits to avoid.13 For more, see how alcohol affects the brain.
• Loop diuretics: Furosemide and other loop diuretics raise urine flow, and more urine carries more thiamine out. In 6 healthy volunteers, raising urine flow with small doses of furosemide or with a saline drip doubled the rate of thiamine lost in urine.21 In a study of 23 people with heart failure on long-term furosemide, 21 had biochemical thiamine deficiency, compared with 2 of 16 patients of the same age who had no heart failure and took no diuretics.17 In another study of 32 heart-failure patients, 24 of the 25 taking 80 mg of furosemide a day or more were deficient, along with 4 of the 7 taking 40 mg a day.22 Diuretics are on my list of medications that deplete B1.4 Keep taking yours exactly as prescribed, and ask the doctor who prescribes it about checking your thiamine.
• Diabetes, especially when blood sugar runs high: In a UK clinic study of 20 healthy adults, 26 with type 1 diabetes and 48 with type 2, plasma thiamine was 76% lower in type 1 and 75% lower in type 2, and the patients' kidneys cleared thiamine 24 and 16 times faster.18 Their average HbA1c was 8.7% in type 1 and 8.6% in type 2. The usual red blood cell transketolase test missed the shortfall, because the patients' red blood cells carried extra thiamine transporters.18 Lab work points to the reason: in human kidney cells kept in high glucose, the two thiamine transporters fell by 77% and 83%, and in diabetic animals, tighter glucose control corrected the extra thiamine loss.23
• Weight-loss surgery: Across 11 studies of 1,494 people who had bariatric surgery, 27% developed vitamin B1 deficiency.19

The healthy adults averaged 64.1 nmol/L of plasma thiamine, against 16.3 in type 2 diabetes and 15.3 in type 1.18

Deficiency turns up without alcohol, too. A review of 81 confirmed adult cases in high-income countries traced it to illness-related malnutrition, bariatric surgery, long-term diuretic use, repeated vomiting, IV feeding without thiamine, food insecurity and very restrictive diets, and IV thiamine brought partial or full recovery for most.24

If one of these applies to you, ask your doctor about a thiamine test; the two tests that measure it are in the box below.36 With diabetes, a plasma thiamine level adds what the transketolase test can miss.18 Confusion, an unsteady walk or abnormal eye movements in someone who drinks heavily or can't keep food down need medical care right away, because Wernicke's encephalopathy is treated with IV thiamine.6 For more, see thiamine deficiency.

What destroys thiamine in food?

Heat, water and a few natural compounds can break thiamine down or block it, and a few kitchen habits keep more of it on your plate:

• Raw freshwater fish: Some fish carry thiaminase, an enzyme that breaks thiamine down. In a review of data on 300 freshwater and ocean fishes, those that feed low on the food web, are rich in polyunsaturated fats, live in fresh water and come from the tropics were the most likely to carry it.25 Heat inactivates it.3 In a 1975 study in northeastern Thailand that tracked the same people over time, giving up raw fermented fish and betel nut improved their thiamine status, and cooking the fermented fish destroyed the enzyme and improved it as well.26 Cook freshwater fish all the way through.
• Tea with meals: In a study of 10 women on the same measured diet, each spent 14 days drinking 8 grams of instant black tea a day and 14 days without it, and blood levels of active thiamine were lower during the tea weeks.27 Tannins in tea react with thiamine and inactivate it, and drinking tea a few hours after a meal rather than with it prevents that.63 My Mitochondrial Longevity Protocol includes one to two cups of coffee before noon and 2 to 3 cups of green tea a day before 2 p.m., which fits easily between meals.13 In my episode on coffee, I explain that it may deplete some B vitamins and magnesium, so if you drink it regularly, you may want to increase your B vitamins.28
• Sulfites: Sulfites break down thiamine, and federal rules don't allow sulfiting agents in foods recognized as a source of vitamin B1.329 I already put dried fruits with sulfites on my avoid list.5 See sulfite allergy for where sulfites hide.
• Cooking water: Thiamine dissolves in water and breaks down with heat, so cook rice and other grains in water they fully absorb, and use bean-cooking liquid in soups and stews.63

Should you take a thiamine supplement?

My Mitochondrial Longevity Protocol includes one in its foundation tier of supplements, and its rule is that supplements give your cells raw materials while the daily habits do the work.13 Beyond everyday needs, researchers have tested high doses of thiamine for specific conditions.

The trials above used 200 to 1,800 mg a day, far above the 1.2 mg Daily Value, for a specific condition, so if one applies to you, decide on a dose with the practitioner who knows your history. For everyday needs, the foods on this list do the job.

The bottom line

Thiamine foods: frequently asked questions

References

1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central, SR Legacy (April 2019): thiamin per 100 g and record portions for FDC 173746 (navy beans, boiled), 173735 (black beans, boiled), 170562 (sunflower seed kernels, dried), 170148 (hemp seed, hulled), 170189 (tahini, from roasted and toasted kernels), 172004 (trout, mixed species, cooked), 169704 (brown rice, long-grain, cooked), 169293 (acorn squash, baked), 170178 (macadamia nuts, raw), 172421 (lentils, boiled), 168411 (edamame, frozen, prepared), 170184 (pistachios, raw), 171998 (Atlantic salmon, wild, cooked), 170017 (green peas, frozen, boiled), 173904 (oats, regular and quick, not fortified, dry), 170182 (pecans), 170495 (spirulina, dried), 168390 (asparagus, boiled), 175155 (rainbow trout, wild, cooked), 173692 (sockeye salmon, cooked), 169414 (flaxseed), 170563 (sunflower seed kernels, dry roasted, without salt), 170154 (sunflower seed kernels, toasted), 168878 (white rice, long-grain, enriched, cooked) and 169757 (white rice, long-grain, unenriched, cooked). Accessed October 7, 2026.
2. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1998. Chapter 4, Thiamin (Recommended Dietary Allowances by life stage; no Tolerable Upper Intake Level set). doi:10.17226/6015.
3. Whitfield KC, Bourassa MW, Adamolekun B, Bergeron G, Bettendorff L, Brown KH, et al. Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1430(1):3-43. doi:10.1111/nyas.13919. PMID:30151974
4. Axe J, Cole W. Heal Your Cells. Avery; 2026. ISBN 9798217181353. "Why Our Cells Are Sicker Than Ever" (drug-nutrient depletion table: diuretics deplete B1, pp. 24-25); micronutrient and whole-food chapters (ancient grains keep their bran and germ; legumes in Blue Zone diets; sprouting and fermenting lower phytic acid).
5. Axe J, Rubin J. The Biblio Diet. Hachette Book Group; 2025. ISBN 9781546008439. Bread chapter (milling and enrichment; flour list, einkorn entry); food lists (fish column: wild freshwater or ocean-caught fish with fins and scales, including salmon and trout; grains: wheat, rye and barley sprouted only, oats organic and slow cooked; nuts: about a handful a day at most; avoid column: dried fruits with sulfites); clean-meat standard (pork and shellfish).
6. Higdon J, Drake VJ, Delage B, Bettendorff L. Thiamin. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. Updated July 2021; reviewed October 2021. Accessed October 7, 2026.
7. Axe J. 10 Signs You Have a B Vitamins Deficiency (How to Boost B Vitamins Naturally). The Dr. Josh Axe Show. 2024. Dr. Axe at 3:37 (vitamin B1), 19:18 (salmon) and 20:00 (methylated, whole-food-based B vitamins).
8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Food labeling: nutrition labeling of food. 21 CFR 101.9(c)(8)(iv), Reference Daily Intakes: thiamin 1.2 mg for adults and children 4 years and older. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, accessed October 7, 2026.
9. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central, Foundation Foods: thiamin per 100 g and record portions for FDC 2710827 (einkorn, grain, dry), 2262075 (flaxseed, ground), 325524 (sunflower seed kernels, dry roasted, with salt added), 790085 (flour, whole wheat, unenriched), 790018 (flour, all-purpose, unenriched, unbleached) and 789951 (flour, all-purpose, enriched, unbleached). Accessed October 7, 2026.
10. Avezum L, Madode YE, Mestres C, Achir N, Delpech C, Chapron M, et al. New insights into the rapid germination process of lentil and cowpea seeds: High thiamine and folate, and low α-galactoside content. Food Chem. 2024;439:138027. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138027. PMID:38029561
11. Rahmatullina YR, Doronin AF, Vrzhesinskaya OA, Kodentsova VM. Content of vitamins B1 and B2 in germinating grain. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2013;154(5):628-30. doi:10.1007/s10517-013-2016-5. PMID:23658885
12. Axe J. 7 Foods That Quiet Inflammation Better Than Supplements. The Dr. Josh Axe Show. 2026. Dr. Axe at 21:13 in the YouTube upload (walnuts and ground flaxseed).
13. Axe J. Heal Your Cells: The Mitochondrial Longevity Protocol. DrAxe.com; 2026. The 4-phase protocol (Sustain: legumes and whole grains if tolerated; daily alcohol on the avoid list); supplements (methylated B-complex in the foundation tier); top 10 longevity foods (wild salmon and sardines, 2 to 3 times a week); 7-day meal plan (green tea 2 to 3 cups before 2 p.m.; coffee 1 to 2 cups before noon).
14. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central, Branded Foods (manufacturer label data): nutritional yeast without added thiamin, FDC 2571648, 2411476, 2475391 and 2676401, and with thiamin hydrochloride added, FDC 2467967, 2486564, 2064505, 2594607, 2464044 and 2469211. Accessed October 7, 2026.
15. Smith TJ, Johnson CR, Koshy R, Hess SY, Qureshi UA, Mynak ML, et al. Thiamine deficiency disorders: a clinical perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021;1498(1):9-28. doi:10.1111/nyas.14536. PMID:33305487
16. Martin PR, Singleton CK, Hiller-Sturmhöfel S. The role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic brain disease. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(2):134-42. PMID:15303623
17. Seligmann H, Halkin H, Rauchfleisch S, Kaufmann N, Motro M, Vered Z, et al. Thiamine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy: a pilot study. Am J Med. 1991;91(2):151-5. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(91)90007-k. PMID:1867241
18. Thornalley PJ, Babaei-Jadidi R, Al Ali H, Rabbani N, Antonysunil A, Larkin J, et al. High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease. Diabetologia. 2007;50(10):2164-70. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0771-4. PMID:17676306
19. Bahardoust M, Eghbali F, Shahmiri SS, Alijanpour A, Yarigholi F, Valizadeh R, et al. B1 Vitamin Deficiency After Bariatric Surgery, Prevalence, and Symptoms: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2022;32(9):3104-3112. doi:10.1007/s11695-022-06178-7. PMID:35776243
20. Axe J. The Truth About Alcohol's Impact on Your Health. The Dr. Josh Axe Show. 2024. Dr. Axe at 13:25 (alcohol and vitamin B1).
21. Rieck J, Halkin H, Almog S, Seligman H, Lubetsky A, Olchovsky D, et al. Urinary loss of thiamine is increased by low doses of furosemide in healthy volunteers. J Lab Clin Med. 1999;134(3):238-43. doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90203-2. PMID:10482308
22. Zenuk C, Healey J, Donnelly J, Vaillancourt R, Almalki Y, Smith S. Thiamine deficiency in congestive heart failure patients receiving long term furosemide therapy. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;10(4):184-8. PMID:14712323
23. Larkin JR, Zhang F, Godfrey L, Molostvov G, Zehnder D, Rabbani N, et al. Glucose-induced down regulation of thiamine transporters in the kidney proximal tubular epithelium produces thiamine insufficiency in diabetes. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e53175. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053175. PMID:23285265
24. Gomes F, Bergeron G, Bourassa MW, Fischer PR. Thiamine deficiency unrelated to alcohol consumption in high-income countries: a literature review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021;1498(1):46-56. doi:10.1111/nyas.14569. PMID:33576090
25. Rowland FE, Richter CA, Tillitt DE, Walters DM. Evolutionary and ecological correlates of thiaminase in fishes. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):18147. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44654-x. PMID:37875540
26. Vimokesant SL, Hilker DM, Nakornchai S, Rungruangsak K, Dhanamitta S. Effects of betel nut and fermented fish on the thiamin status of northeastern Thais. Am J Clin Nutr. 1975;28(12):1458-63. doi:10.1093/ajcn/28.12.1458. PMID:803009
27. Wang RS, Kies C. Niacin, thiamin, iron and protein status of humans as affected by the consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1991;41(4):337-53. doi:10.1007/BF02310628. PMID:1796091
28. Axe J. How Coffee Affects Your Brain, Hormones, and Gut. The Dr. Josh Axe Show. 2025. Dr. Axe at 19:47 (coffee and B vitamins).
29. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Substances generally recognized as safe: sodium metabisulfite. 21 CFR 182.3766 (the same limitation, "not used in meats; in food recognized as a source of vitamin B1", appears in 182.3616, 182.3637, 182.3739, 182.3798 and 182.3862). Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, accessed October 7, 2026.
30. Bager P, Hvas CL, Rud CL, Dahlerup JF. Randomised clinical trial: high-dose oral thiamine versus placebo for chronic fatigue in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;53(1):79-86. doi:10.1111/apt.16166. PMID:33210299
31. Axe J. 5 Surprising Causes of Hypothyroid. The Dr. Josh Axe Show. 2024. Dr. Axe at 18:14 (the three-patient thiamine report in Hashimoto's).
32. Costantini A, Pala MI. Thiamine and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a report of three cases. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(3):208-11. doi:10.1089/acm.2012.0612. PMID:24351023
33. Shimon I, Almog S, Vered Z, Seligmann H, Shefi M, Peleg E, et al. Improved left ventricular function after thiamine supplementation in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy. Am J Med. 1995;98(5):485-90. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80349-0. PMID:7733128
34. He S, Wang S, Xu T, Wang S, Qi M, Chen Q, et al. Role of Thiamine Supplementation in the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Cardiol. 2024;47(7):e24309. doi:10.1002/clc.24309. PMID:38940395
35. Rabbani N, Alam SS, Riaz S, Larkin JR, Akhtar MW, Shafi T, et al. High-dose thiamine therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. Diabetologia. 2009;52(2):208-12. doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1224-4. PMID:19057893

Dr. Josh Axe, DC, DNM, CNS

Doctor of Natural Medicine · Founder, DrAxe.com

Dr. Axe is a certified doctor of natural medicine, clinical nutritionist, and multiple New York Times bestselling author. He has spent 20+ years in clinical practice helping people heal at the root cause and founded one of the most-visited natural-health platforms in the world.

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