What Are Ultra-Processed Foods and How Bad Are They for You?

When you hear “ultra-processed foods,” you probably pictures things like soda, cereal, cookies and frozen dinners — and you’d be correct.

Not exactly healthy foods, but surely a few treats can’t hurt, right?

According to a brand new study, they just might: Adding a small number of ultra-processed foods to an otherwise healthy diet raised risk of both cognitive decline and stroke.

Published in the journal Neurology, increasing ultra-processed food intake by 10 percent raised the risk of cognitive impairment by 16 percent. Meanwhile, going in the opposite direction, consuming more unprocessed or minimally processed foods meant a 12 percent lower risk of cognitive impairment.

Indeed, a large body of research suggests that there are many dangerous effects of eating large amounts of ultra-processed foods, and there’s no doubt about it: The amount that many Americans eat is alarming.

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A 2021 JAMA study, for example, found that ultra-processed foods now account for two-thirds (67 percent) of calories on average in the diets of American children and teens. Meanwhile, a BMJ study uncovered that 58 percent of the average American’s daily energy intake comes from unhealthy foods like cakes, white breads and diet sodas.

Learn more about what ultra-processed foods are, what type of deleterious health effects they may cause, and then how to avoid eating them as much as possible.

What Are Ultra-Processed Foods?

Processed foods are those that have been changed in any way from their natural states, whether due to washing, canning, freezing or adding ingredients to them. Ultra–processed foods take things a step further: They are made mostly from substances extracted from foods, such as fats, starches, added sugars and hydrogenated fats.

The BMJ article referenced above considered ultra-processed food “formulations of several ingredients which, besides salt, sugar, oils and fats, include food substances not used in culinary preparations.”

Processed foods are definitely a tricky subject. Considering that many seemingly healthy foods come in packages today, it can be hard to tell the difference between “whole foods” and those that are processed.

Not all processed foods are created equally, however. Chowing down on Twinkies is certainly not the same as adding frozen spinach to your smoothies, even though they’re technically both processed.

What is the difference between processed and ultra-processed food? Check out the spectrum below:

• Ultra-processed foods (avoid) — This group includes things like frozen dinners (yes, that includes pizza), all sodas (even diet), store-bought cakes and cookies, boxed cake mixes, etc. These are made with added fats, starches, added sugars, hydrogenated fat and other artificial ingredients.
• Processed foods (eat less often) — This includes ingredients like jarred pasta sauce, sausages, store-bought salad dressings and whole-grain bread. These aren’t terrible in moderation or when you’re short on time, but when possible, it’s best to make your own versions to limit added ingredients. When you do purchase these, look for those that have a limited amount (two to four) ingredients.
• Minimally processed foods (recommended) — This includes things like extra virgin olive oil, meats (naturally raised), plain yogurt, nut butters (where the only ingredients are the nut and salt), and frozen vegetables and fruit that have been processed at their peak to lock in freshness and nutrition. Ideally these should be just one to two ingredients.
• Unprocessed foods (highly recommended) — Fresh fruit, wild-caught fish and veggies fall into this category. They’re delicious just as nature made them.

Negative Effects on Health

Research published in 2022 shows ultra-processed foods are linked with cancer and early death. This was backed up by a U.K.-based cohort study in 2023 that found a link between higher consumption of ultra-processed foods and “an increased burden and mortality for overall and certain site-specific cancers especially ovarian cancer in women.”

Indeed, consumption of ultra-processed foods is linked to many health problems, including:

• obesity
• diabetes, including type 2
• heart disease, including more commonly seen in women
• vascular diseases
• inflammatory bowel disease
• depression, including inflammation
• cancer, including colon cancer among men
• cognitive decline
• weight gain and obesity, including among children and teens

A 2019 study published in the journal Cell Metabolism that compared the effects of an ultra-processed diet to those of an unprocessed diet found that people consumed about 500 more calories per day on the ultra-processed diet. The ultra-processed diet usually resulted in higher intake of carbohydrates and fat but not protein.

Participants gained on average two pounds during the ultra-processed diet phase of the study, which lasted just 14 days.

Another study found that over a five-year period, people who consumed more ultra-processed foods had higher risks of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. This remained true even after the researchers adjusted for the nutritional quality of the diet (considering factors such as the amount saturated fat, sodium, sugar and dietary fiber in the diets).

A 2018 study linked high consumption of these types of foods to a greater risk of developing certain types of cancer. Researchers found that a 10 percent increase in ultra-processed foods in someone’s diet was correlated to about an 11 percent increase in developing breast cancer.

A 2022 study backed up this data, finding a correlation between ultra-processed food consumption and colorectal cancer. Researchers concluded, “In the three large prospective cohorts, high consumption of total ultra-processed foods in men and certain subgroups of ultra-processed foods in men and women was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.”

Then there is the effect on cognition, as noted by research published in JAMA Neurology. In a study of nearly 11,000 individuals, consuming more ultra-processed foods was linked to higher rates of cognitive decline (both global and executive function) after an eight-year follow-up. “These findings suggest that limiting consumption of ultra-processed food could be associated with reduced cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults.”

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Added sugar found in many packaged foods is also a big health concern. Today it’s estimated that about 90 percent of Americans’ “added sugar intake” comes from ultra-processed foods. In fact, sugar makes up about 21 percent of the calories found in ultra-processed foods.

High consumption of sugar, as well as different types of artificial sweeteners, is associated with a variety of health conditions, from obesity to type 2 diabetes to migraines.

Ultra-Processed Foods List

What is considered ultra-processed food? These are the types of food products that are loaded with preservatives, additives and unrecognizable ingredients.

Many are also artificially colored and flavored, often deep-fried, and contain next to no nutritional value. (Learn about what high-cholesterol foods to avoid versus eat.)

Many things offered at “fast food” restaurants fall into this category. Fast food is fast and cheap for a reason … the large majority of the time, it’s processed and pre-prepared.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics, about 37 percent of American adults eat fast food on a given day. Data also showed eating fast food decreased with age, surprisingly increased with income, and was more popular among men and non-Hispanic Black adults.

Some examples of ultra-processed foods to avoid include:

• Chips, many crackers and salty snacks, and French fries
• Frozen pizza and other frozen meals
• Many cheeses and processed meats, like hot dogs, bologna, bacon, etc.
• Cakes, cookies, brownies, donuts and frostings
• Ice cream
• Candy
• Fast food
• Soda, many juices and energy drinks

How to Eat Fewer Ultra-Processed Foods (Healthy Swaps)

1. Make gradual changes

While it’s tempting to make drastic dietary changes, you and your family have a better chance of sticking to healthy habits if you decide on one change at a time.

For example, if you usually serve soda or juice with meals, try replacing these with water instead. After a few days, remove another major source of sugar.

Not only will this help ease you into changes mentally, but it’ll also help reduce any physical symptoms you might experience.

2. Shop with a grocery list

It’s a lot easier to make healthy choices and avoid ultra-processed foods when you have a list of the items you’re looking to add into your diet instead.

Make a list of the meals you’re preparing for the week and all the ingredients required.

If you’re thinking of heading to the store without eating, forget about it. Shopping on an empty stomach will make it harder to resist those foods you should avoid.

3. Shop the store’s perimeter

You’ve probably heard it before, but there’s a reason it’s recommended that you shop the edge of the store and skip most of the middle aisles.

Fresh produce, meats and dairy are nearly always around the store perimeter, while ultra-processed foods get stacked on the shelves in the middle of the store. By limiting the aisles you shop, you’ll resist temptation to purchase bad-for-you foods.

Similarly, hit the healthier part of the grocery store first. One of the things that’s great about certain Whole Foods is that you enter the store in the vegetable and fruit area, so you start loading up on the best foods in the store well before you may start getting tempted by the naughty processed or ultra-processed foods.

4. Read the ingredients list

If there’s something on the ingredients list of a packaged food that you couldn’t buy to use in your own kitchen – or whose name you can’t even pronounce – it’s probably highly processed.

Don’t forget that ingredients are listed in the order of how prevalent in a food they are. Beware of what’s listed as one of the first five ingredients, or better yet, avoid foods that have more than five ingredients in them.

5. Look out for added sugars

Food manufacturers have gotten more clever about how sugars are listed by using different terms for the substance in the ingredients list. One rule of thumb is that ingredients ending with “ose” are sugars: Think sucrose, fructose and dextrose.

Another is to use fancy or “natural” sounding sugars, such as:

• cane sugar
• beet sugar
• cane juice
• fruit juice

6. Try these healthier alternatives

As part of a way to detox your body, think about making these swaps:

• Instead of chips and fries— Make your own. You don’t have to stick to potatoes either. Try spicy kale chips, zucchini chips or even sweet baked apple chips. Keep these on hand when you need a TV time snack or to nibble on while getting dinner ready.
• Instead of frozen pizzas — Try one of these easy homemade doughs, like this coconut crust pizza or cauliflower pizza crust with your favorite toppings, such as veggies. These are super tasty, come together quickly and you can customize them to your family’s tastes.
• In place of sugary drinks — Replace sugary sodas and store-bought juices with homemade drinks that taste great and are good for you, too. This anti-inflammatory green juice will boost your body’s natural defenses, while this orange carrot ginger juice is a crowd-pleaser among kids.
• In place of cakes, cookies, muffins — Sweet treats don’t need to be eliminated entirely, but when there are alternatives that taste this good, there’s no need for ultra-processed versions. This chocolate frosting is fantastic atop homemade baked goods, maybe even on this gluten-free chocolate cake.
• Alternatives to fast food — You can steer clear of fast food by meal prepping and choosing healthier restaurant options. (Here are the restaurants I recommend.) Fast food’s ubiquity can be difficult to escape, but it can be done. Eliminating those foods and replacing them with healthier alternatives is one of the best things you can do for your family’s health.

Conclusion

• What are ultra-processed foods? These are foods that are made with added ingredients, such as sugar, salt, fat, and artificial colors or preservatives. Examples include fast food, chips, frozen meals, soda, processed meats and cheeses, and desserts like cake and cookies.
• It’s been found that about 58 percent of the average American’s daily energy intake comes from unhealthy foods like cakes, white breads and diet sodas, while they account for up to two-thirds of teens’ and children’s calories.
• People who eat an ultra-processed diet tend to consume more calories and have a higher risk of experiencing weight gain, obesity, heart disease, diabetes and more.
• It’s a much better alternative to eat homemade meals using whole foods, such as those that are only made with one to two ingredients.